فصلنامه فرآیند و کارکرد گیاهی
سال یازدهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 52، آذر و دی 1401)

In order to investigate the effect of dehydration stress and planting date on some physiological indices and growth of Cymbopogon citratus, a field experiment in the form of a split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications, including 3 levels of different irrigation (100% full irrigation as a control, 75 and 50% full irrigation) and 3 levels of planting date including 20 May, 30 May and 10 June in Rahdar Rudan area in Hormozgan province in 1399. In this study, physiological growth traits including LAI (leaf area index), CGR (crop growth rate), NAR (net uptake rate), LAD (leaf area durability), plant height, wet and dry plant yield along with chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll , carotenoids, soluble carbohydrates and proline were examined. The results showed that drought treatment was significant in all the studied traits at the level of 1%. Also, planting date was significant in total chlorophyll, carotenoids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, soluble carbohydrates and proline but did not have any effect on plant height, wet and dry plant yield. On the other hand, the interaction between drought and planting date had caused significant changes in total chlorophyll, carotenoids and chlorophyll a and soluble carbohydrates. Drought treatment reduced leaf area, crop growth rate, net uptake rate and leaf area of Lemongrass grass by 50%, but the treatments of planting date had no effect on the physiological traits of Lemongrass plant growth. Therefore, it can be concluded that Lemongrass is a plant that is resistant to mild stress but sensitive to severe stress.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors threatening the growth and development of ornamental plants around the world. Clearly, the use of active ingredients that increase drought resistance in plants is very important to reduce the economic losses of ornamental plants in landscapes. For this aim, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of sodium hydrochulfide on Amaranthus plant (Amaranthus tricolor' early splendor') under deficit irrigation in a factorial design in the form of complete random design. Plants were treated with sodium bisulfide (0, 0.5, 1.5 mM) in the greenhouse for three weeks and then subjected to deficit irrigation (90, 80, 70, and 60% of field capacity). As the drought stress increased, the relative water content decreased, such that deficit irrigation (60% FC) reduced the relative water content by 78.9%. Sodium hydrochulfide reduced the negative effects of deficit irrigation on secondary metabolites (phenol and flavonoid) as well as osmotic regulator (proline), and a concentration of 1 mM increased stress resistance. Ion leakage was reduced by the use of sodium hydrochulfide during high deficit irrigation. 1 mM sodium hydrogen sulfide, with increased antioxidant activity, reduced malondialdehyde by 23.4% and 23% under deficit irrigation conditions 60 and 70% FC, respectively. The application of sodium hydrogen sulfide reduced the negative effects of deficit irrigation on Amaranthus growth traits by increasing secondary metabolites, osmotic adjustment, and antioxidant activity. Overall, our results suggested that the application of sodium hydrosulfide as a producer of hydrogen sulfide could be considered as a strategy to maintain the growth of ornamental plants under deficit irrigation.

In order to evaluate the foliar application of sodium nitroprusside on some morphological and biochemical properties of Alstroemeria cultivar Orange Queen, a research was conducted in a completely randomized design with 3 replications under hydroponic cultivation in the research greenhouse of Urmia University. Sodium nitroprusside was sprayed at concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 200 μM. At the end of the study, indicators such as fresh and dry weight of florets and flowering stems, diameter of buds and flowering stems, bud length and some biochemical parameters including photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total), chlorophyll index, carotenoid content, soluble sugars and anthocyanin of leaves and petals were measured. The results showed that the application of sodium nitroprusside at concentrations of 100 and 200 μM, led to an increase in morphological parameters including fresh and dry weight of florets (75% increase compared to the control) as well as flowering stem, bud diameter and length and increasing of photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a, b and total (33% increasing compared to the control. Also, sodium nitroprusside increased the amount of soluble sugar in the petals (38% increasing compared to the control and other treatments) and also the amount of leaf and petal anthocyanin compared to the control. In this study, 100 and 200 were more effective compare to the other treats. In general, the results showed that the application of sodium nitroprusside could have a significant effect on improving some biochemical properties in Alstroemeria due to its important role in cell division, development and growth.

Damask rose is one of the oldest and most valuable rose varieties that to some extent, tolerates water deficiency. However, the selection and identification of genotypes that are more tolerant to drought stress will be effective in development of cultivation of the plant. In this case, an experiment was performed under in vitro conditions using polyethylene glycol at five levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g L-1) on four genotypes of Damask rose (Maragheh, Urmia, Pakdasht and Kashan) and the tolerance of genotypes to drought stress was measured based on water relations traits of the plant via response surface method (RSM). Results showed that as the severity of drought stress increased, the percentage of dry matter was increased in genotypes of Maragheh, Urmia and Kashan compared to the control. At concentration of 100 g L-1 PEG, Maragheh genotype had the highest fresh and dry weight, total chlorophyll, chl a and chl b and the lowest leaf number and height compared to the other genotypes. Carotenoid contents in Urmia and Maragheh genotypes were higher in 100 g L-1 PEG than other genotypes. As water deficiency increased, leaf water content in Maragheh, Kashan and Urmia genotypes decreased. Maragheh genotype with high values ​​of relative leaf water content, on the other hand, with a decrease in water moisture reduction, relative water loss and saturated water deficiency, showed a better protection mechanism against drought stress than the other three genotypes. After Maragheh genotype, Pakdasht genotype was partially resistance to drought stress up to 75 g L-1 polyethylene glycol.

In the current research, the simultaneous application of 0, 5 and 10 tons per hectare of vermicompost organic fertilizer and biochar on growth and grain yield of Camelina sativa as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in East Azarbaijan province (crop year 2020-2021) was evaluated. The highest oil yield (1073 kg/ha) was obtained in the application of 10 tons of vermicompost and 10 tons of biochar per hectare, which increased the yield of camelina oil by 18.8% compared to the control. This increase was due to the increase in oil content (38.27%) and grain yield (2805 kg / ha). The highest harvest index in the treatment of 10 tons of vermicompost per hectare + 10 tons of biochar per hectare, the highest biological yield in the treatment of 10 tons of vermicompost per hectare + 5 tons of biochar per hectare and the highest number of seeds per silique were obtained in 5 tons of vermicompost per hectare + 10 tons of biochar per hectare. Increasing the number of siliques per plant and the number of seeds per silique by using biochar and vermicompost ramped up the grain yield. In this study, the use of 5 tons of biochar and 10 tons of vermicompost reduced the amount of saturated fatty acids (42%), but, at the some time, the amount of polymeric unsaturated fatty acids was increased (7.27%). According to the results, the application of 10 tons per hectare of vermicompost and biochar is recommended to improve economic yield of camelina plant under rainfed conditions, and considering the highest grain and oil yield was obtained at the highest level of fertilizer used, so additional research is recommended to determine the best level of fertilizer.

Increasing trend in global population and climate changes are driving forces to shift toward the use of vertical farms with artificial lighting (VFALs). The main downside of VFALs is inefficient electrical usage. High efficiency and economy cost of light-emitting diodes (LED) are going to make VFALs a promising type of farming in future. Each individual species needs unique light treatment in order to achieve maximal qualitative and quantitative production. Lamiaceae family includes plant species with high economic value and applications in medicinal and cosmetic industry.  In the present study, we selected six light treatments including LED (red, blue, red-blue (70:30), white), florescent, and natural light to evaluate metabolomic changes in two species of Lamiaceae family (mint and pennyroyal). At flowering stage, fresh leaves were collected from plants to analyze for metabolic constituents using Head Space sampling technique and GC-MS. The results indicated light treatment had effect on metabolic profile of mint and pennyroyal plants. It was found that the application of red-blue LED maximized the concentration of beneficial monoterpenes suggesting that the production of selected genotypes is possible in environments without natural light such as VFAL systems.

With respect to the fact that the pH of the food solution has a great role in the absorption of iron element. An experiment was conducted twice plate (split plot of split plot) in the from of randomized complete block design on a strawberry plant of diamante cultivar at the researcher station of Ardebili Mohaghegh Ardabili University during the years 2015- 17. Factors included acetic acid (0, 1, 2 and %3), iron at two levels (sequestrin25gr and nano 1gr) along with two levels of agricultural soap agents (0 and % 7/5) as foliar spraying. Plant growth indices including protein, proline, resuscitation sugars, leaf starch, total phenol, leaf iron content, and yield per plant were measured. The results of analysis of variance showed that the three-way effect of treatments in all studied traits except protein and yield at the level of %1proabability on proline, resuscitation sugars, leaf starch, total phenol, leaf iron content was significant, such that the best result in the adjectives obtained from the combination of %2 steak acetic acid with iron, along with the application of %7/5 of Mooyan farming soap. and the mutual interaction of treatments at the probability level of %5 on the proten and the performance had a significant effect that which was the best results related to the combination of %2 of acetic acid with iron fertilizer without the use of Mooyan farming soap. According to the results of this study, the combination of %2 iron acetic acid composition with iron acid, along with %7/5 of the farming soap due to the reduction of leaf area tensions, improves the absorption of iron and increases the biochemical and morphological characteristics of straw berries cv.Diamant.

Some algae are rich sources of various beneficial lipids and fatty acids. In recent years, several studies have been performed on algae to evaluate the effect of different salinity treatments on the quantity and quality of these lipids. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of sodium chloride on total lipid content, fatty acid profile, and omega-3, 6, and 9 amounts in the alga Sargassum boveanum. Algae samples were collected from the shores of Bushehr Province and kept in three aquariums for 30 days in three control groups and treatments of 1 and 2 g / l sodium chloride. Then their lipid extraction was performed using Bligh and dyer method (1959). The factors of acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), and refractive index (RI) of lipids were determined according to ISO standard methods for numbers 660 (2009), 3960 (2017), and 6320 (2017), respectively. The methylation of the samples was performed according to the standard method of 66-2-AOCS-Ce, and the analysis of fatty acids was performed by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The amount of fat in the treatment of one gram/liter of salt increased compared to the control group and then showed a decreasing trend in the treatment of two grams per liter; however, this difference was not significant. GC-FID analysis showed 17 types of fatty acids in each group. Among saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, palmitic acid and seronic acid showed the highest levels in all three groups, respectively. A slight increase in salinity caused a change in the values of omega-fatty acids. The findings of this study can be extended to achieve targeted mechanisms and conditions of salinity stress that increase specific fatty acids.

In this study, the effect of foliar spray of sodium nitroprusside (100 μM) as a nitric oxide donor on iron deficiency stress alleviation in cucumber plant was investigated. The results indicated that iron deficiency stress reduced growth parameters, total chlorophyll content, Fe content and antioxidant enzymes activity of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase as well as guaiacol peroxidase. Sodium nitroprusside foliar spray resulted in improvement of growth parameters, total chlorophyll content, Fe content and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, these results support the biological function of nitric oxide to improve iron availability and damage caused by its deficiency.

Drought stress, as the most important environmental stress, severely disrupts plant growth and limits production and yield more than any other environmental factor. Investigation of the role of drought stress conditions on plant morphological, physiological and photosynthesis characteristics may provide a tool to understand the basic drought resistance. To investigate the drought tolerance of Iranian and foreign grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars, A pot experiment was conducted with 5 replications, and 20 Iranian and foreign rooted grape cultivars exposure with two treatments of 90 (control) and 50 (drought stress) water requirement. Iranian grape cultivars included Rashe, Bidane Sefid, Bidane Ghermez, Yaghoti, Fakhri, Khalili Sefid, Ghezel Ouzom, Asgari, Gazandai, Gachi Amjagi, Tabraze Ghermez, Tabraze Sefid, Laal, Hosseini and Shirazi and foreign cultivars including Black Seedless, Flame Seedless, Perlette, Ruby Seedless and Torkaman 4. Based on results, after three months of drought stress, the interaction of drought stress and cultivar was significant for leaf number, leaf area, current branch length, internode length, root length, root volume, root fresh weight and electrolyte leakage and not significant for stem diameter, root dry weight and relative water content. In general, despite the increase in chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoids in some cultivars, these physiological characteristics decreased by 29.43, 20.47, 27.47 and 22.15%, respectively under drought stress. Photosynthetic traits such as photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration were also significantly affected by drought stress and reduced by 39.11, 42.36, 54.98 and 30.33% in drought conditions. Rashe, Khalili Sefid, Yaghoti and Laal cultivars showed good resistance to drought stress conditions, whereas Fakhri, Shirazi, Bidane Sefid, Gazandai and Gachi Amjagi cultivars were sensitive to drought stress.

This study was conducted to investigate the cultivation of Tetraselmis tetrathele in food effluent and the effect of different concentrations of effluent on specific growth rate, biomass, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids and comparing them with Conway medium. Meanwhile, in this experiment, the percentage of phosphate and nitrate removal from food effluent by T. tetrathelewas evaluated. For this purpose, T. tetrathele was cultured in two concentrations of 5% and 10% of the effluent of Namino food factory for 9 days. The experiment was performed with full light period and a temperature of 24±2 °C and a light intensity of 35 µmol.m-2.s-1. The highest biomass production (0.27 g/l), chlorophyll a (2.57 mg/l) and specific growth rate (1.62 days) were observed in Conway treatment. The highest amount of total carotenoids was obtained in the treatment with 10% effluent concentration. The antioxidant capacity of microalgae extract showed that in both DPPH and ABTS assays, antioxidant activity were dependent on the concentration of the extract and at a concentration of 2000 μg / ml in the treatment with 10% effluent concentration with 28.4% showed maximum percentage of free radical inhibition of DPPH. ABTS assay showed that at a concentration of 2000 μg / ml extracts of all three treatments had the highest antioxidant capacity (more than 90% of free radical scavenging ABTS) and there weren’t significant differences between the three treatments (p > 0.05). However, at the lower concentrations of the extract, there was a significant difference between varius treatments, so that at a concentration of 600 μg/ml, the antioxidant capacity in Conway and 10% effluent and 5% effluent, were 53.3%, 73.3% and 96.2%, respectively. The results also showed that, T. tetrathele could grow well in these low effluents and remove 74% of phosphate (Treatment 3) and 24% nitrate (Treatment 2) in a short period of 9 days. Therefore, due to the fact that T. tetrathele can significantly remove nitrate and phosphate and produce algal biomass, this species can be well cultivated in food effluents. The results of this study showed that cultivation of T. tetrathele microalgae, in addition to removing contaminants in the effluent, it was possible to produce biomass with suitable growth and valuable composition with high antioxidant capacity, which can be promising. The production sector is a valuable and cost-effective product for use in various industries such as cosmetics and food industries.

In order to study the effect of seaweed extract and nano-ZnO on germination characteristics of tomato seed, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design. Preliminary germination and seedling growth tests were performed to determine the best concentration of seaweed extract and nano-ZnO. Experimental treatments included three levels of drought stress (0, 2- and 3-bar), four levels of application of nano-ZnO and seaweed extract (control, seaweed extract 4%, nano-ZnO 1200 ppm, and a combination of seaweed extract and nano-ZnO). The results showed that by decreasing the water potential standard germination percentage, seed germination rate, seedling length and dry weight, length and weight vigor indices decreased, whereas mean germination time increased. As the drought stress intensified, the amount of hydrogen peroxide accumulation was increased and also the activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes in tomato seedlings increased. As well, application of seaweed extract and nano-ZnO at different levels of drought stress significantly reduced the negative effects of this stress on seed germination and the early growth of seedlings. Application of these compounds at different drought stress levels significantly increased the standard germination percentage, seed germination rate, seedling length and dry weight, length and weight vigor indices, but reduced seed germination time. Also, the use of seaweed extract and nano-ZnO under drought stress conditions increased the activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes but reduced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in tomato seedlings.

Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is a noxious and cosmopolitan weed that is widely distributed in different parts of the world and competes severely with crops and reduces their growth and yield. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of redroot pigweed in 2018 and 2019. Treatments included different degrees of drought stress with 5 levels including 100, 75, 50, 25, and 12.5% ​​of pot water content (equivalent to no stress, light stress, moderate stress, high stress, and severe stress). Leaf number, plant height, and leaf dry weight were affected by the interaction of drought stress×years and with increasing drought stress, leaf number, plant height, and leaf dry weight decreased in both years of the experiment. With decreasing the water content of the pot, the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase increased. The highest levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase activity (110.35 and 1433.33 units of enzyme/mg protein per minute) were observed in the second year under severe stress, respectively. Increasing the intensity of stress decreased the soluble protein content of the plant. Also, drought stress reduced plant chlorophylls a and b content, whereas, carotenoid content increased. The highest amount of carotenoids was observed in both years under severe drought stress conditions. Overall, drought stress in the second year reduced growth in redroot pigweed further but in this year, the enzyme activity ramped up further. Therefore, this plant can modify stresses and maintain its survival by changing its biochemical activity.

Supplementary irrigation moderates the damage caused by drought stress in rainfed agriculture. Meanwhile, the application of nano fertilizers and methanol as the foliar application can be considered as effective management strategies to improve production under dryland conditions. For this purpose, the effect of supplementary irrigation, nano fertilizer spraying, and methanol foliar spraying was investigated in a split-factorial experiment with four replications. The results showed that the amount of proline (31% and 26%, respectively) and antioxidant enzyme peroxidase (4.6% and 10.5%, respectively) decreased with supplementary irrigation and showed the absorption of high and low consumption essential nutrients and finally increased grain yield. In the absence of supplemental irrigation, no difference was observed between the two treatments of non-foliar spraying and foliar application of peroxidase at all levels of methanol foliar spraying; However, the amount of peroxidase in the conditions of supplementary irrigation in the non-foliar application of nano fertilizer at all levels of methanol foliar application was higher than the foliar application of nano fertilizer. Proline and peroxidase levels were reduced by methanol application in both rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions. Foliar application of nano fertilizer increased the amount of grain protein (3.3%) by increasing the amount of nitrogen (76%) in the shoot and the amount of grain nitrogen (16%). Element uptake by plants and wheat grain enrichment depended on the type of element and the concentration of methanol in both dryland and supplementary irrigation conditions. In general, supplementary irrigation, nano fertilizer foliar application, and methanol foliar application increased wheat grain yield in dryland conditions, but in supplementary irrigation conditions, grain yield increased by 20% with increasing methanol foliar application and with more consumption Methanol had a decreasing trend; However, in the absence of supplementary irrigation, grain yield increased with increasing methanol foliar application.

In this study, the effect of drought stress on morphological and physiological characteristics of two forest species: Alnus subcordata and Acer velutinum, which are used in natural forest restoration and afforestation, was evaluated. A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with two factors (two species and four levels of drought stress: (25% (severe stress), 50% (moderate stress), 75% (mild stress), and 100% (no stress) percentage of field capacity). The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced the height, basal diameter, Leaf, and root biomass in both species, Whereas A. subcordata showed more stem biomass reduction. Root to shoot ratio showed a noticeable and slight increase in A. subcordata in A. velutinum respectively. Both species experienced a significant decrease in leaf area in drought conditions. Meanwhile, the specific leaf area decreased in A. subcordata as the degree of water stress increased, but it increased under mild and moderate treatment in A. velutinum seedlings. Total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a decreased in A. subcordata more than A. velutinum. Also, chlorophyll b decrease was similar in both species, while, carotenoids content decreased significantly in A. subcordata and increased insignificantly in A. velutinum. Drought stress showed a significant effect on the relative water content and proline in both species. There were no differences between the two species in proline content. furthermore,  A. velutinum had more relative water content than A. subcordata seedlings under moderate treatment. These findings suggested that the two species did not show similar responses to drought stress. Also, based on the measured characteristics A. velutinum may maintain stronger drought tolerance. The malondialdehyde content and antioxidant enzymes activities in both species increased with increasing stress. A. subcordata had a more increase in malondialdehyde content in drought treatment compared to the control treatment. The activity of antioxidant enzymes in both species increased in moderate and mild stress treatment and A. velutinum showed higher enzyme levels. Our results highlighted that the two species did not show similar responses to drought stress and A. velutinum maintained stronger drought tolerance based on the measured parameters. According to these findings and based on more ability of A. velutinum to cope with drought, it is recommended that A. velutinum plantation has more priority compared to A. subcordata in water deficit regions.

In order to study three vegetative rootstocks M9, M7 and MM106 on some growth and biochemical Characteristics of Apple cvs. "Golden delicious" and "Red Delicious", an experiment in factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with four replications in orchard of Mashhad agricultural research center was performed in 2021. Some characteristics: including trunk diameter, current shoot growth, leaf area, chlorophyll, phenol content, anthocyanin and antioxidant properties in leaf sample were measured. Results showed that in the interaction of rootstock and scion had a significant effect on the trunk diameter, leaf area and anthocyanin. The highest amount of anthocyanin (0.466 mg.g-1FW) at "Golden delicious" on M9 rootstock was measured. Also, "Red Delicious" on MM106 rootstock had the largest trunk diameter (47.81 cm2) and "Golden delicious" on MM106 rootstock showed the highest leaf area (31.45 cm2). The results of this study showed that MM106 rootstock by showing high levels of growth Characteristics compared to the M9 and M7 was placed in a better position. And M9 rootstock by having biochemical Characteristics was better than two other rootstocks. Cultivars on M9 rootstock with highest amount of anthocyanin was suggested as a valuable grafting compounds in terms of health benefits under Mashhad Climatic Conditions.

In recent years, in the world and in Iran as well, attention to Lisianthus flowers has been such that its production has increased significantly. With the increase in the production of Lisianthus cut flowers, attention to nutrition and application of treatments to improve the growth and storability of this flower is felt more than ever. For this purpose, the effect of karrikin, salicylic acid and humic acid on the morphological and biochemical characteristics of Lisianthus was investigated in a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The studied treatments included application of karrikin (0, 1 and 2 mg.l-1) as irrigation, salicylic acid (0, 100 and 200 mg.l-1) and humic acid (0, 50 and 100 mg.l-1) as foliar application. The results showed that the application of salicylic acid 100 mg.l-1 had the greatest effect on morphological and biochemical parameters, meanwhile, in some traits such as shoot dry weight and leaf area, a concentration of 200 mg.l-1 was more effective. Also, the use of humic acid increased the leaves and roots fresh and dry weight by increasing root expansion. karrikin treatment 1 mg.l-1 increased the number of leaves, stem length and diameter and number of flowering stems, fresh and dry weight of roots, number of seed capsules and number of buds per branch. karrikin in combination with humic acid and especially salicylic acid with synergistic effect improved some parameters such as number of roots and leaves and flowering stems and the activity of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL). Concomitant use of salicylic acid 100 mg.l-1 with humic acid 50 mg.l-1 as foliar application and application of Karrikin 1 mg.l-1 as a plant solution is recommended to improve growth parameters and the quality of lisianthus flowers.

In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost and humic acid on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with seven treatments (control, 100 g vermicompost, 200 g vermicompost, 0.5 g.lit humic acid, 1 g.lit humic acid, 0.5 g.lit humic acid + 100 g vermicompost, 1 g.lit  humic acid + 200 g vermicompost) and 3 replications in the greenhouse of Nahavand Higher Education Complex in 2020. In this study, flower number, plant height, stem diameter, leaf length and width, oil percentage, amount and also type of fatty acids were measured. The results of the experiment showed a significant effect of vermicompost and humic acid treatments on leaf width, number of flowers, oil percentage and oil components. The highest percentage of oil (34.40%) was obtained in the treatment of 100 g of vermicompost and the highest number of flowers (15) was gained in the treatment of 0.5 g humic acid. Also, the highest amount of linoleic acid (74.50%) was produced in the treatment of 100 g of vermicompost. The highest amount of palmitic acid (6.70%) and linolenic acid (5%) was found in the treatment of 1 g.lit humic acid + 200 g vermicompost. The results of the study showed a positive effect of vermicompost and humic acid on oil content and number of flowers. According to the results of this study and in order to reduce the use of the chemical fertilizers and achieving the sustainable agricultural goals, it is recommended to use vermicompost and humic acid fertilizers as an alternative to chemical fertilizers in large field studies and pay more attention to the positive properties of these organic fertilizers in improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of safflower plant.

Periploca aphylla is an evergreen plant and resistance to drought stress, which can grow in harsh environmental conditions in hot and dry areas of southern Kerman province, therefore, it plays an important role in preserving the environment as well as soil. In this study, soil ecological factors of plant distribution areas, plant morphology, and comparison of some antioxidant compounds in different plant organs were studied. The results showed that the plant distribution area possesses sandy, non-saline soils with neutral to slightly alkaline acidity and contains a good amount of macronutrients and micronutrients. The presence of relatively thick perianth with abundant hairs, in this plant, shows the adaptive properties to harsh environmental conditions. The released pollen grains from anther are tetrad and are bonded together by viscous materials to form pollinia. The gynoecium is a two-carpel that initially, the carpels are partially connected to each other and form two follicles fruits that develop at an angle of 180 degrees to each other. The highest total phenol and flavonoid content was observed in seeds and the highest total anthocyanin content was observed in flowers. Comparing the 8 phenolic compounds identified in different parts of the plant, the predominant phenolic compounds in shoots and seeds are hesperidin, in flowers and immature fruits, chlorogenic acid, and in mature fruits, Gallic acid. Comparing plant phenolic compounds, hesperidin and vanillin had the highest and lowest values, respectively. With respect to the fact that the various organs of this plant are rich in phenolic compounds; therefore, this plant species is introduced for use in the pharmaceutical industry.

In this study, the effect of exogenpous Azelaic acid and potassium phosphite on some antioxidant enzymes activity, lignin synthesis and metabolic pathways were investigated in Eryngium caucasicum. This experiment was performed in a completely randomized design in controlled consitions. Plants at the three-leaf stage were treated with potassium phosphite (2 g/L) and azelaic acid (1 mM) by spraying method. Results showed that Azelaic acid treatment led to a significant increase in the activity of SOD, POD and PAL enzymes, while potassium phosphite caused a remarkable increase in CAT and PAL enzymes but a decrease POD and SOD enzymes activity. Also, metabolic ouputs through GC-MS technique showed that the treatments had different effects on accumulation of some metabolites for example, the level of Phytol increased sharply under the influence of Azelaic acid treatment, while exogenous potassium phosphite increased n-Hexadecanoic acid and Linoelaidic acid. Metabolic cycles can be engineered with the precise use of these materials, which, in turn, can lead to the accumulation of a specific group of secondary metabolites.